ABSTRACT:

Diabetes mellitus is a substantial health concern worldwide, specifically Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has become an alarming disease and has become the seventh most common disease in terms of human suffering (DALYs), with 462 million people. In Pakistan, this figure is divided according to their ages, 27.4 million for those aged 20 and over and 13.8 million for those under 20 years. T2DM is a risk factor for developing microvascular and macrovascular complications that have an adverse effect on physical and psychological health for both patients and caregivers. Various factors are involved in the prevalence of T2DM, one of which is vitamin D deficiency. Besides the role of vitamin D, it has numerous non-skeletal functions in cancer, autoimmune diseases, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D impacts glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic beta cell function in people at high risk for type 2 diabetes. Obesity, aging, and low physical activity are also contributing risk factors among the T2DM and vitamin D-deficient populations. In obesity, vitamin D is no longer available as it is stored in adipose tissue due to its fat-soluble properties. It is the primary cause of hypovitaminosis D. The research revealed that women are more deficient in vitamin D, and older individuals secrete more insulin after consuming glucose. Vitamin D is crucial in regulating immune functions (by enhancing monocytes to macrophage differentiation and increasing cytotoxic activities) and lipid metabolism (by enhancing fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism) in T2DM.

How to Cite this paper?