ABSTRACT:

Glucose and lipid metabolism are closely linked. Changes in lipid levels can stem from diabetes and disrupt glucose metabolism. Dyslipidemia is often associated with inflammation and an excess of energy-dense nutrients, influenced by poor diet, Obesity, inactivity, and poorly managed blood glucose levels. This study analyzed dietary and non-dietary risk factors among 200 type 2 diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, based on written consent. Conducted in the Endocrinology Ward of Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), it utilized a self-constructed questionnaire to collect demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data. Anthropometric results showed no significant differences in weight (p = 0.659) or BMI (p = 0.106) between genders, although females had a higher average BMI (26.12 ± 5.43) than males (24.00 ± 3.70). Biochemical analysis indicated elevated glycemic indices in both groups, with HbA1c levels (9.37 ± 2.41) showing no significant difference (p = 0.813 and p = 0.108). Lipid profiles for males were within reference ranges without substantial differences in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, or HDL. Multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI significantly predicted triglyceride levels (β = 0.009, p = 0.006) in females, while Age was inversely related to all lipid components (p < 0.001). In males, Age positively correlated with triglycerides and HDL (p = 0.003 and p = 0.030, respectively) and negatively with total cholesterol (p = 0.007). HbA1c was inversely related to HDL (β = -0.042, p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (p < 0.001). In conclusion, poorly managed hyperglycemia, often due to inadequate dietary intake, significantly increases the risk of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetics, highlighting the need for nutritional interventions and nutrition education.

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