ABSTRACT:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency resulting from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. In addition to poor glucose metabolism, individuals with T1DM often experience micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in calcium and vitamin D, which can exacerbate metabolic dysregulation and increase the risk of long-term complications. This review aimed to provide an overview of available data on the prevalence, underlying mechanisms, and clinical consequences of vitamin D and calcium deficiencies in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, as well as their potential effects on bone health, glycemic control, and disease management. A literature review was conducted using published research on the anthropometric profiles and biochemical status of children and teenagers with type 1 diabetes. This review highlights data extracted from peer-reviewed research studies conducted between 2010 and 2025, encompassing a combined sample of approximately 824 children and adolescents diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Data were compiled into Tables summarizing study characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical parameters from 11 relevant studies. Vitamin D deficiency and low bone mineral density were consistently observed among pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. The results showed that the prevalence of deficiency was less than 20 ng/mL, which was as high as 55%, and the mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels varied from 18.5 ± 6.4 ng/mL to 23.7 ± 8.1 ng/mL among 40–65% of participants. Several studies have reported that calcium intakes are below from the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). Compared with healthy individuals, youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) exhibit significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores, particularly in the lower lumbar spine. This reduction in BMD may result from the combined effects of metabolic dysregulation and inadequate intake of essential micronutrients. Poor glycemic control, as indicated by an HbA1c level greater than 9%, was often associated with lower 25(OH)D levels and decreased bone mineral density. In conclusion, vitamin D and calcium deficiencies are common yet often overlooked in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Early detection, consistent monitoring, and appropriate supplementation can enhance metabolic control, thereby reducing the risk of skeletal and autoimmune complications. Further longitudinal studies are essential to establish optimal intake levels and confirm the long-term benefits of these corrective interventions.

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