Review Article | Open Access Volume 15| Issue 1-2 | Page 23-30 | https://doi.org/10.15228/2025.v15.i1-2.p04 |
Urea Fertilizer: A Journey from an Essential Nutrients to an Emerging Pollutant
Z. Saeed
Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Main Campus H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan.
H. Habib
Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Main Campus H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan.
A. Noor
Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Main Campus H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan.
A. Gohar
Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Main Campus H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan.
M. Waqar
Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Main Campus H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan.
Urooj
Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Main Campus H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| Received 15 Jan, 2025 | Accepted 05 Mar, 2025 | Published 15 Mar, 2025 |
Urea, a cornerstone of modern agriculture, is widely recognized for its high nitrogen content and cost-effectiveness. Since the mid-20th century, it has played a critical role in enhancing crop yields and ensuring global food security. However, its excessive application has resulted in severe environmental consequences, including soil acidification, water eutrophication, and greenhouse gas emissions. This review presents a balanced perspective of urea that aims to optimize agricultural productivity while mitigating ecological harm. It also examines chemical properties, historical significance, and global usage trends alongside the environmental and health impacts of urea.
Additionally, this review article explores sustainable agricultural practices such as crop rotation, composting, and organic farming, as well as alternative nitrogen-based fertilizers derived from pharmaceuticals and biofuels. This literature survey is based on a comprehensive review of scientific literature, cross-referenced data from reliable sources, and an evaluation of global policies. By integrating scientific insights with policy discussions, this review presents a balanced perspective that aims to optimize agricultural productivity while mitigating environmental harm.
How to Cite this paper?
APA-7 Style
Saeed Z., Habib H., Noor A., Gohar A., Waqar M., and Urooj, (2025). Urea Fertilizer: A Journey from an Essential Nutrients to an Emerging Pollutant. Pakistan Journal of Chemistry, 15(1-2), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.15228/2025.v15.i1-2.p23-30.
ACS Style
Saeed Z; Habib H; Noor A; Gohar A; Waqar M; and Urooj; Urea Fertilizer: A Journey from an Essential Nutrients to an Emerging Pollutant. Pakistan Journal of Chemistry, 15(1-2), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.15228/2025.v15.i1-2.p23-30
AMA Style
Saeed Z, Habib H, Noor A, Gohar A, Waqar M, and Urooj, Urea Fertilizer: A Journey from an Essential Nutrients to an Emerging Pollutant. Pakistan Journal of Chemistry, 15(1-2), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.15228/2025.v15.i1-2.p23-30
Chicago/Turabian Style
Saeed Z., Habib H., Noor A., Gohar A., Waqar M., and Urooj. “Urea Fertilizer: A Journey from an Essential Nutrients to an Emerging Pollutant.” Pakistan Journal of Chemistry, 15(1-2), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.15228/2025.v15.i1-2.p23-30
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.