{"id":4048,"date":"2026-04-01T22:33:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T22:33:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/?p=4048"},"modified":"2026-04-02T15:27:53","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T15:27:53","slug":"anst-0426","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/2026\/04\/01\/anst-0426\/","title":{"rendered":"Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4048\" class=\"elementor elementor-4048\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccfcaa1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ccfcaa1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20e0516 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20e0516\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da3c13c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da3c13c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td><div><strong>Research Article | Open Access<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 6 | Issue 01-2\u00a0 | Paper 04 |\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/04\/ANST.v06.i1-2.p04.pdf\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/ANST.2026.v06.i01-2.p04<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h4><strong><b>Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"main_entry\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0522-1060\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Umm-e habiba<\/strong><\/a><br \/>The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology<\/p><p><strong>Muhammad Ali Syed<\/strong><br \/>The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology<\/p><p><strong>Shiza Tariq<\/strong><br \/>The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology<\/p><table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br \/>28 Feb, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br \/>31 Mar, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br \/>3 Apr, 2026<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"item abstract\"><p align=\"justify\"><strong>ABSTRACT:<\/strong><\/p><p>Periodontal disease develops when the oral microbial community becomes unbalanced. Smoking and nutrition both influence this balance. This study compared the prevalence of three bacterial species, including <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/em>, <em>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/em>, and <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/em>, among smokers and non-smokers in Haripur. This study also considered how\u00a0nutrition\u00a0might relate to these findings; for this purpose, 140 men were recruited, including 80 smokers and 60 non-smokers, for the collection of their dental plaque. The dental plaque samples were tested using PCR to detect the three bacterial species. The analysis showed that chi-square tests were used, and p \u2264 0.05 was considered significant. In smokers compared to non-smokers, <em><i>K. pneumoniae<\/i><\/em>\u00a0was observed<em>\u00a0<\/em>in 45% versus\u00a081%\u00a0(p\u00a0=\u00a00.02);\u00a0<em>A.<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>actinomycetemcomitans<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em>in\u00a041%\u00a0versus\u00a039%\u00a0(p\u00a0=\u00a00.79);\u00a0and <em>P.<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>gingivalis<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em>in\u00a061% versus 58% (p = 0.67). Only the difference for <em>K. pneumoniae<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em>was statistically significant. Classic periodontal\u00a0pathogens\u00a0were\u00a0common\u00a0in\u00a0both\u00a0groups,\u00a0but\u00a0no\u00a0clear\u00a0evidence\u00a0that\u00a0smoking\u00a0increased their prevalence. The higher prevalence of <em>K. pneumoniae <\/em>in non-smokers suggests that other factors, including diet, nutrition, and oral hygiene, may shape the oral microbiome as significantly as smoking. Consequently, oral health education should integrate nutritional guidance alongside smoking cessation advice.<\/p><p><strong><b>Keywords:<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0Periodontal disease, Smoking, Bacterial agents, Oral health, Nutrition, Micronutrients<\/p><p><strong>How to Cite this paper?<\/strong><\/p><\/div><div class=\"item abstract\"><div class=\"csl-entry\"><p><strong>APA-7 Style<\/strong><br \/>Habiba U., Syed M. A., Tariq S., Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur<em><i>\u00a0<\/i><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/04\/ANST.v06.i1-2.p04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Journal Advances of Nutrition Science and Technology<\/em>, 6(1-2), 20-27<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/ANST.2026.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p><p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br \/>U. Habiba, M. A. Syed, S. Tariq, &#8220;Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/04\/ANST.v06.i1-2.p04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Journal Advances of Nutrition Science and Technology<\/em>, 6(1-2), 16-19<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/ANST.2026.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p><p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br \/>U. Habiba, M. A. Syed, S. Tariq, <em>Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur (2026)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/04\/ANST.v06.i1-2.p04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Journal Advances of Nutrition Science and Technology<\/em>, 6(1-2), 16-19<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/ANST.2026.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p><p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br \/>U. Habiba; M. A. Syed; S. Tariq; <em>Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur (2026)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/04\/ANST.v06.i1-2.p04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Journal Advances of Nutrition Science and Technology<\/em>, 6(1-2), 16-19<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/ANST.2026.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"item copyright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de6180e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de6180e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article | Open AccessVolume 6 | Issue 01-2\u00a0 | Paper 04 |\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/ANST.2026.v06.i01-2.p04 Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur Umm-e habibaThe University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology Muhammad Ali SyedThe University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology Shiza TariqThe University of Haripur, Department [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-34","category-issue-1-2-2026"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Prevalence of Periodontal Bacteria in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study with Reference to Nutritional Considerations in Haripur - The Journal Advances of Nutrition Science and Technology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/advances-of-nutrition-science-and-technology\/2026\/04\/01\/anst-0426\/\" \/>\n<meta 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