{"id":9987,"date":"2026-04-20T18:04:32","date_gmt":"2026-04-20T18:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/?p=9987"},"modified":"2026-04-27T03:23:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T03:23:11","slug":"pjc-0726","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2026\/04\/20\/pjc-0726\/","title":{"rendered":"Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9987\" class=\"elementor elementor-9987\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-392d613 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"392d613\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98a90e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"98a90e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8d2284 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8d2284\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td><div><strong>Research Article| Open Access<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 16 | Issue 01-2 | Page 65-73| <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/04\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p07<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h4><strong><b>Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>Bakhtawar Hameed<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-2339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Sadia Nadir<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Sehroon Khan<\/strong><br \/>Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Shahid Iqbal<\/strong><br \/>Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.<\/p><p>Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe, Yunnan 654400, China.<\/p><p><strong>Shahnaz Khan<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Laiq Zaman<\/strong><br \/>Department of Zoology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Hidayatullah Khan<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan.<\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"main_entry\"><table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br \/>10 Mar, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br \/>15 Apr, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br \/>20 Apr, 2026<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"item abstract\"><p><strong>ABSTRACT:<\/strong><\/p><p>Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) contamination has become a pressing concern for soil health and crop productivity. Therefore, this greenhouse study evaluated the effects of VAs on the rhizosphere soils of <em><i>Trifolium alexandrinum <\/i><\/em>and <em><i>Eruca vesicaria<\/i><\/em>.<em><i>\u00a0<\/i><\/em>We compared different concentrations of enrofloxacin (ENR), penicillin (PCN) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) applied individually and as a mixture (MIX) at different concentrations: 0 mg kg<sup>-1<\/sup>, 20 mg kg<sup>-1<\/sup>, 50 mg kg<sup>-1<\/sup>, 100 mg kg<sup>-1<\/sup>, 250 mg kg<sup>-1<\/sup>, 500 mg kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00a0and 1000 mg kg<sup>-1<\/sup>. Results demonstrated clear concentration-dependent effects of VAs on soil physicochemical and biological properties, with the most pronounced effects observed under MIX treatment. High ENR concentrations (&gt;250 mg kg\u207b\u00b9) significantly increased soil pH and bulk density, while reducing electrical conductivity and water-holding capacity. \u00a0Increasing concentrations of ENR and MIX resulted in marked declines in calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>), total organic carbon (TOC), total dissolved carbon (TDC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and exchangeable K, Ca, Na, and Ba. . Microbial analyses revealed a significant suppression of both bacterial and fungal populations with increasing antibiotic concentrations. Enzymatic activities showed differential sensitivity, with esterase being the most responsive indicator of antibiotic stress, phosphatase strongly affected by SMZ, and urease exhibiting a comparatively weaker response. Comparative analysis further indicated that <em>E. vesicaria<\/em>\u00a0was more sensitive to VAs than <em>T. alexandrinum<\/em>, as evidenced by greater disruptions in soil physicochemical, biochemical, and microbial functions. Collectively, this study demonstrates the ecological risks of VAs and emphasize the need for regulated antibiotic use and improved manure management to protect soil health and sustain agroecosystem productivity.<\/p><p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: veterinary antibiotics; soil health; microbial abundance; enzyme activities; rhizosphere.<\/p><p><strong>How to Cite this paper?<\/strong><\/p><\/div><div class=\"item abstract\"><div class=\"csl-entry\"><p><strong>APA- Style<\/strong><br \/>B. Hameed, S. Nadir, S. Khan, S. Iqbal, S. Khan, L. Zaman, H. Khan, (2026). Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities, <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/04\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 65-73.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.65-73.<\/p><p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br \/>Hameed B., Nadir S., Khan S., Iqbal S., Khan S., Zaman L., Khan H., Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities, <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/04\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 65-73.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.65-73.<\/p><p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br \/>Hameed B; Nadir S; Khan S; Iqbal S; Khan S; Zaman L; Khan H; <em>Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/04\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 65-73.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.65-73.<\/p><p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br \/>Hameed B,Nadir S, Khan S, Iqbal S, Khan S, Zaman L, Khan H, <em>Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities (2026)<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/04\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 65-73.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.65-73.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"item copyright\"><p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a3fae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0a3fae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article| Open AccessVolume 16 | Issue 01-2 | Page 65-73| https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p07 Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities Bakhtawar HameedDepartment of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan. Sadia NadirDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan. Sehroon KhanDepartment of Biotechnology, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,67],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-66","category-issue-1-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2026\/04\/20\/pjc-0726\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Research Article| Open AccessVolume 16 | Issue 01-2 | Page 65-73| https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p07 Impacts of Veterinary Antibiotics on Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities, and Enzyme Activities Bakhtawar HameedDepartment of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, KPK, Pakistan. 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