{"id":9819,"date":"2026-02-28T18:28:38","date_gmt":"2026-02-28T18:28:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/?p=9819"},"modified":"2026-04-06T20:14:22","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T20:14:22","slug":"pjc-0426","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2026\/02\/28\/pjc-0426\/","title":{"rendered":"Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9819\" class=\"elementor elementor-9819\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d17e38 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0d17e38\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-453982d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"453982d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9bca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d9bca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td><div><strong>Research Article| Open Access<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 16 | Issue 01-2 | Page 30-37| <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/03\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p04<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h4><strong>Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>Naveedul Hasan Syed<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan<em><i>.<\/i><\/em><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1435-6131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Naseer Ahmed Khan<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan<em><i>.<\/i><\/em><\/p><p><strong>Saira Bano<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan<em><i>.<\/i><\/em><\/p><p><strong>Faisal Khan<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan<em><i>.<\/i><\/em><\/p><p><strong>Iqra Qazi<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan<em><i>.<\/i><\/em><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"main_entry\"><table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br \/>20 Jan, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br \/>22 Feb, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br \/>28 Feb, 2026<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"item abstract\"><p><strong>ABSTRACT:<\/strong><br \/>A systematic study was conducted to demonstrate enhanced sedimentation of low-density coal particles from wastewater in a newly designed settling vessel consisting of two inclined sections, termed the Reflux Lamella Settler (RLS). The RLS is a modified settling vessel consisting of inclined sections. Inclined sections are incorporated to provide a large settling area for solid particles, thereby enhancing settling rates compared to conventional settling tanks\/vessels. Two RLS were designed and fabricated: one was a small lab-scale piece of equipment, and the other was relatively large and designated the prototype RLS for experiments. The first set of experiments was performed on the lab-scale RLS and a vertical settling column, which were filled with a solution of water and coal particles. The solid particles settled at a higher rate in the RLS due to the presence of inclined sections and reached a maximum solid concentration of 0.63 (v\/v) at the base. In contrast, the vertical settling column achieved a maximum solid concentration of 0.43 (v\/v), indicating relatively slow settling of the solid particles. In addition, experiments were conducted on the prototype RLS to examine the settling of solid particles at a larger scale under batch process conditions and the applicability of the equipment for high\u00a0flow rates. A sample comprising 1 kg of coal particles of size 0.25 mm (250 microns) and 12 kg of water was placed in the prototype RLS, and results were obtained. A maximum solid volume fraction of 0.63 (v\/v)\u00a0was achieved in the prototype RLS and 0.15 (v\/v)\u00a0in the dilute region, values that were almost identical to those in the lab-scale unit. This shows that the RLS could handle a large volume of wastewater. The coloured PVC particles were used to validate particle movement within the RLS. It showed that, after entering the RLS, these particles quickly settled on the inclined surface and slid downwards. The car wash sample was used treated in the RLS, which showed that it takes 90 minutes to settle the solid particles, resulting in a reduction in turbidity from 233 to 30 NTU during that time.<\/p><p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: Boycott effect, Flux, Hindered settling, Inclined channels, Total Suspended Solids,<\/p><p>How to Cite this paper?<\/p><\/div><div class=\"item abstract\"><div class=\"csl-entry\"><p><strong>APA- Style<\/strong><br \/>N. H. Syed, N. A. Khan, S. Bano, F. Khan, I. Qazi, (2026). Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler, <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/03\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 30-37.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.30-37.<\/p><p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br \/>Syed N. H., Khan N. A., Bano. S., Khan F., Qazi I.,\u00a0Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler, <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/03\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 30-37.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.30-37.<\/p><p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br \/>Syed N H; Khan N A; Bano S; Khan F; Qazi I; <em>Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/03\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 30-37.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.30-37.<\/p><p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br \/>Syed N H, Khan N A, Bano S, Khan F, Qazi I, <em>Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler,(2026)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/03\/PJC.v16.i01-2.p004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(1-2), 30-37.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p.30-37.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"item copyright\"><p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8aba94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8aba94\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article| Open AccessVolume 16 | Issue 01-2 | Page 30-37| https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p04 Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler Naveedul Hasan SyedDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan. Naseer Ahmed KhanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan. Saira BanoDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,67],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-66","category-issue-1-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2026\/02\/28\/pjc-0426\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Research Article| Open AccessVolume 16 | Issue 01-2 | Page 30-37| https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i1-2.p04 Enhanced Solid\u2013Liquid Separation of Coal-Contaminated Wastewater Using a Reflux Lamella Settler Naveedul Hasan SyedDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan. Naseer Ahmed KhanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan. 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