{"id":4817,"date":"2024-11-30T20:28:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-30T20:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/?p=4817"},"modified":"2025-12-13T19:23:02","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T19:23:02","slug":"pjc-0924","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2024\/11\/30\/pjc-0924\/","title":{"rendered":"Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide(Ca3-xBaxCo4O9)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4817\" class=\"elementor elementor-4817\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d55c56 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7d55c56\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-625c3c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"625c3c0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f077bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f077bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td><div><strong>Research Article | Open Access<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 14 | Issue 3-4 | Page 74-82 | <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/12\/PJC-13-24.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i3-4.p09<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h4 class=\"obj_article_details\">Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide (Ca<sub>3-x<\/sub>Ba<sub>x<\/sub>Co<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>9<\/sub>)<\/h4><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"main_entry\"><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4484-2425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">J. A. Khan<\/a><\/strong><br \/>Department of Physics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>K. Shahid<\/strong><br \/>Department of Physics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p><table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br \/>16 Sep, 2024<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br \/>12 Nov, 2024<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br \/>20 Dec, 2024<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"item abstract\"><p>Energy dissipation in the form of heat from sources such as automobiles, aircraft turbines, power plants, and factories is\u00a0largely unrecovered, accounting for approximately 70% of the primary energy produced. To address this challenge, thermoelectric energy converters can partially recover this wasted heat and improve system efficiency. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs), made from semiconducting materials, are ideal for such applications. Conventional thermoelectric generators utilize intermetallic compounds, such as lead and bismuth tellurides or silicon-germanium alloys. However, these materials face limitations such as decomposition at relatively low temperatures, low precursor availability, high toxicity, and high cost. As a result, thermoelectric oxides have emerged as a more favourable alternative, as they avoid many of the drawbacks associated with intermetallic compounds<strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0This study synthesized barium-doped calcium cobalt oxide (Ca3-xBaxCo4O9, x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08%) thermoelectric samples using the Sol-gel method. The thermoelectric properties, including the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity, were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzed phase purity and surface morphology. XRD confirmed that all samples exhibited a single-phase structure. The doping of barium resulted in enhanced thermoelectric properties, as evidenced by significant improvements in the dimensionless Figure of merit, which reached 1.35 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212<\/sup>\u00a0at room temperature, compared to the undoped sample with a zT of 1.16 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212<\/sup>. These findings demonstrate the potential of the sol-gel method to synthesize barium-doped thermoelectric materials with improved thermoelectric performance, offering promising prospects for more efficient energy conversion in various applications.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"item abstract\"><h3 class=\"label\">How to Cite this paper?<\/h3><div class=\"csl-entry\"><p><strong>APA-7 Style<\/strong><br \/>Khan A., and Shahid K., (2024). Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide<br \/>(Ca<sub>3-x<\/sub>Ba<sub>x<\/sub>Co<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>9<\/sub>). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i1-2.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 14(3-4), 74-82<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i3-4.p74-82<\/p><p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br \/>Khan A; and Shahid K; (2024). Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide<br \/>(Ca<sub>3-x<\/sub>Ba<sub>x<\/sub>Co<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>9<\/sub>). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i1-2.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pak. J. Chem.<\/em> 2024, 14, 74-82<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i3-4.p74-82<\/p><p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br \/>Khan A, and Shahid K, (2024). Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide (Ca<sub>3-x<\/sub>Ba<sub>x<\/sub>Co<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>9<\/sub>). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i1-2.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>. 2024; 14(3-4): 74-82<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i3-4.p74-82<\/p><p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br \/>Khan, A, and Shahid, K, (2024) &#8220;<em>Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide<\/em><br \/><em>(Ca<sub>3-x<\/sub>Ba<sub>x<\/sub>Co<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>9<\/sub>)&#8221;<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i1-2.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em> 14, no. 3-4: 74-82<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i3-4.p74-82<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"item copyright\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab62da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cab62da\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article | Open AccessVolume 14 | Issue 3-4 | Page 74-82 | https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i3-4.p09 Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide (Ca3-xBaxCo4O9) J. A. KhanDepartment of Physics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan K. ShahidDepartment of Physics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan Received16 Sep, 2024 Accepted12 Nov, 2024 Published20 Dec, 2024 Energy dissipation in the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide(Ca3-xBaxCo4O9) - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2024\/11\/30\/pjc-0924\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide(Ca3-xBaxCo4O9) - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Research Article | Open AccessVolume 14 | Issue 3-4 | Page 74-82 | https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2024.v14.i3-4.p09 Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Doped Calcium Cobalt Oxide (Ca3-xBaxCo4O9) J. A. KhanDepartment of Physics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan K. 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