{"id":2897,"date":"2019-03-30T16:33:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-30T16:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/pjc\/?p=2897"},"modified":"2025-06-13T13:28:24","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T13:28:24","slug":"pjc-0119","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2019\/03\/30\/pjc-0119\/","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2897\" class=\"elementor elementor-2897\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1b05 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cbc1b05\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36cb8c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36cb8c0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bbb714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bbb714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div><strong>Scientific Report | Open Access<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 9 | Issue 1-4 |&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/12\/PJC-v09.i01-04.p01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<article class=\"obj_article_details\">\n<h4>Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH<\/h4>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"main_entry\">\n<p><span class=\"name\">S. Manzoor<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"name\">T. Ahmed<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"name\">S. Iqbal<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Jinnah Govt. Degree College, Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"name\">F. Somorro<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"name\">S. Imran<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"name\">H. Alvi<\/span><\/p>\n<p>IBDP Beachon house PECHS Campus, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"name\">S.S. Haider<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br>10 Jan, 2019<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br>05 Mar, 2019<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br>11 May, 2021<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"item abstract\">\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">Worldwide deficiency of safe drinking water is being faced due to high population density. In this context, the availability of safe water has been a global matter that points out researchers to investigate fluoride levels in drinking water. The proposed research aims to investigate fluoride concentration in water sources in different locations of Karachi. In this context, many water samples collected from industrial and residential areas and analyzed for the quantitative determination of fluoride. These results showed that all the samples contained fluoride levels below permissible levels by WHO, i.e., 1.5ppm. In contrast, more than 76% of samples had concentrations below WHO minimum recommended limit (i.e. 0.5ppm). It was observed that the sample having a high fluoride concentration (1.19ppm) showed a relatively high conductivity value (262.4 \u00b5s\/cm). These results highlight and recommend the fluoridation process of drinking water sources to overcome the imbalance of fluoride in total intake.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item abstract\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"label\">How to Cite this paper?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<p><strong>APA-7 Style<\/strong><br>Manzoor, S., Ahmed, T., Iqbal, S., Somorro, F., Imran, S., Alvi, H., Haider, S.S. (2019). Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH<br>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 9(1-4), 1-5<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01<\/p>\n<p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br>Manzoor, S.; Ahmed, T.; Iqbal, S.; Somorro, F.; Imran, S.; Alvi, H.; Haider, S.S. Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH<br>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pak. J. Chem.<\/em>&nbsp;2019, 9, 1-5<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01<\/p>\n<p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br>Manzoor S, Ahmed T, Iqbal S, Somorro F, Imran S, Alvi H, Haider SS. Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH<br>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>. 2019; 9(1-4): 1-5<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br>Manzoor, S., T. Ahmed, S. Iqbal, F. Somorro, S. Imran, H. Alvi, and S. S. Haider. 2019. &#8220;Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH<br>&#8221;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>&nbsp;9, no. 1-4: 1-5<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item copyright\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This work is licensed under a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f68a3a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f68a3a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientific Report | Open Access Volume 9 | Issue 1-4 |&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01 Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH S. Manzoor Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan T. Ahmed Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan S. Iqbal Jinnah Govt. Degree College, Nazimabad, Karachi, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2019\/03\/30\/pjc-0119\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientific Report | Open Access Volume 9 | Issue 1-4 |&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2019.v09.i01-4.p01 Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH S. Manzoor Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan T. Ahmed Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan S. Iqbal Jinnah Govt. 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