{"id":2828,"date":"2016-11-16T14:30:00","date_gmt":"2016-11-16T14:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/pjc\/?p=2828"},"modified":"2025-06-14T05:21:20","modified_gmt":"2025-06-14T05:21:20","slug":"pjc-0416","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2016\/11\/16\/pjc-0416\/","title":{"rendered":"The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2828\" class=\"elementor elementor-2828\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cdaa81 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6cdaa81\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a3dfb1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a3dfb1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28969d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28969d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pkp_content_main\" class=\"pkp_structure_main\" role=\"main\">\n<div class=\"page page_article\">\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div><strong>Research Article | Open Access<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 6 | Issue 1-2 |&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/12\/PJC-v06.i01-2.p04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<article class=\"obj_article_details\">\n<h4>The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction<\/h4>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"main_entry\">\n<p><span class=\"name\">T.K. Nahla<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br>12 Mar, 2016<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br>24 Jun, 2016<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br>30 Sep, 2016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"item abstract\">\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">Lactulose is a synthetic and non-absorbable disaccharide sugar containing glucose and fructose units. It is used for the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. The purpose of this experiment was to synthesized lactulose in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The evaluation of lactulose synthesis was carried out at different concentration of sodium hydroxide (1, 2 and 3M) and the study was also conducted at different temperatures (30, 50, 70, and 90 \u00b0C). In addition, the kinetics of lactose isomerization with respect to the time also studied. Finally, it was concluded that the lactulose formation was determined by spectrophotometric method. The lactulose isomerization increased about more than 30.9% at 90 \u00b0C in the presence of 1M sodium hydroxide and 20 % lactose concentration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item abstract\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"label\">How to Cite this paper?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<p><strong>APA-7 Style<\/strong><br>Nahla, T.K. (2016). The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 6(1-2), 24-30<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p>\n<p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br>Nahla, T.K. The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pak. J. Chem.<\/em>&nbsp;2016, 6, 24-30<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p>\n<p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br>Nahla TK. The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>. 2016; 6(1-2): 24-30<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br>Nahla, T., K.. 2016. &#8220;The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction&#8221;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>&nbsp;6, no. 1-2: 24-30<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item copyright\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This work is licensed under a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pkp_structure_sidebar left\" role=\"complementary\" aria-label=\"Sidebar\">&nbsp;<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f161ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f161ab\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article | Open Access Volume 6 | Issue 1-2 |&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04 The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction T.K. Nahla Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq Received12 Mar, 2016 Accepted24 Jun, 2016 Published30 Sep, 2016 Lactulose is a synthetic and non-absorbable disaccharide sugar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2016\/11\/16\/pjc-0416\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Research Article | Open Access Volume 6 | Issue 1-2 |&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2016.v06.i01-2.p04 The Chemical Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose by Using Sodium Hydroxide as Batch Reaction T.K. 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