{"id":1587,"date":"2013-06-25T12:31:00","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T12:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.sourcingoutfit.com\/?p=1587"},"modified":"2025-01-31T19:14:55","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T19:14:55","slug":"pjc-1613","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2013\/06\/25\/pjc-1613\/","title":{"rendered":"Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1587\" class=\"elementor elementor-1587\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02457f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"02457f2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6870d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6870d0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01ea853 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01ea853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td><div><strong>Research Article | Open Access<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 3 | Issue 2 | Paper 08 |\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/01\/PJC-v03.i02.p08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><article class=\"obj_article_details\"><h1 class=\"page_title\">Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria<\/h1><div class=\"row\"><h4><span class=\"name\">I.I. Mile<\/span><\/h4><p>Department of Social and Environmental Forestry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi \u2013 Nigeria<\/p><h4><span class=\"name\">J. I. Amonum<\/span><\/h4><p>Department of Forest Production and Products, University of Agriculture, Makurdi \u2013 Nigeria<\/p><h4 class=\"main_entry\"><span class=\"name\">N.L. Sambe<\/span><\/h4><p>Department of Social and Environmental Forestry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi \u2013 Nigeria<\/p><table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br \/>19 Apr, 2013<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br \/>20 Oct, 2013<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br \/>22 Nov, 2013<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>ABSTRACT:<\/p><div class=\"item abstract\"><p class=\"ql-align-justify\">This study examines heavy metals pollution of ground water in the residential sector of Makurdi urban area and Yaiky\u00f4 settlement \u2013 a peri-urban area of Makurdi metropolis. Water samples from fifteen (15) wells in Makurdi urban area and fifteen (15) wells in Yaiky\u00f4 settlement were analysed for chromium (Cr), Cadmium (cd), Iron (Fe), and Copper (Cu). Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) method was used for water sample analysis. This was done in the peak of rainy season, in the month of September, 2012. The results of the analysis show that 100% of wells in Makurdi urban area had chromium levels above WHO guide limit for drinking water, while Yaiky\u00f4, a sub-urban area of Makurdi, had only 35.5% of wells with chromium levels above WHO standards. Ten out of fifteen wells representing 67% displayed cadmium levels above WHO limits in Makurdi urban area, while eleven out of fifteen wells (85%) displayed cadmium levels above WHO limits in Yaiky\u00f4. Twelve out of fifteen wells representing 80% displayed iron levels above WHO guide limits in Makurdi, while thirteen out of fifteen wells representing 90%, showed iron levels above WHO guide limit in Yaiky\u00f4. All wells representing 100% displayed copper levels below WHO guide limit in both areas. High concentrations of heavy metals in drinking water are undesirable, toxic, hazardous, and affects portability of water. Source of metals in these wells is attributed to soil mineralogy, use of agro- chemicals on farms and other land use activities. All land use activities capable of polluting water should be properly controlled. Water from these wells may be used for other domestic purposes other than drinking. Boiling of water from these wells should be encouraged to reduce the risk of contracting illness.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"item abstract\"><div><h3 class=\"label\">How to Cite this paper?<\/h3><div class=\"csl-entry\"><p><strong>APA-7 Style<\/strong><br \/>Mile, I.I., Amonum, J.I., Sambe, N.L. (2013). Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 3(2), 87-90<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08<\/p><p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br \/>Mile, I.I.; Amonum, J.I.; Sambe, N.L. Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pak. J. Chem.<\/em>\u00a02013, 3, 87-90<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08<\/p><p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br \/>Mile II, Amonum JI, Sambe NL. Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>. 2013; 3(2): 87-90<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08<\/p><p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br \/>Mile, I., I., J. I. Amonum, and N. L. Sambe. 2013. &#8220;Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria&#8221;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>\u00a03, no. 2: 87-90<\/a>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"item copyright\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/article>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a522d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a522d3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article | Open AccessVolume 3 | Issue 2 | Paper 08 |\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08 Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria I.I. Mile Department of Social and Environmental Forestry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi \u2013 Nigeria J. I. Amonum Department of Forest Production and Products, University of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1587","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2013\/06\/25\/pjc-1613\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Research Article | Open AccessVolume 3 | Issue 2 | Paper 08 |\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2013.v03.i02.p08 Heavy Metals Pollution of Ground Water in Urban and Sub-Urban Areas of Makurdi Metropolis \u2013 Nigeria I.I. 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