{"id":10289,"date":"2026-07-05T13:00:41","date_gmt":"2026-07-05T13:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/?p=10289"},"modified":"2026-07-06T06:12:25","modified_gmt":"2026-07-06T06:12:25","slug":"pjc-1426","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2026\/07\/05\/pjc-1426\/","title":{"rendered":"Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10289\" class=\"elementor elementor-10289\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-299108a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"299108a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b87d02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b87d02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438ce3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"438ce3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td><div><strong>Research Article| Open Access<\/strong><\/div><div>Volume 16 | Issue 03 | Page 124-134| <a style=\"font-size: 0.9em\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/PJC.v16.i03.p14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p14<\/a><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h4><strong><b>Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-5141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Atta Hussain Rind<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Mushtaque Ali Jakhrani<\/strong><br \/>Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Shafique Ahmed Rind<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Microbiology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Abdul Rauf Shaikh<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Mudasir Ali Rind<\/strong><br \/>Department of Science &amp; Technical Education, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Qandeel Haider Hundal<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Nisar Ahmed Veesar<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Shaista Soomro<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><p><strong>Reema Arain<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan<\/p><div><table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br \/>01 June, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br \/>04 July, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br \/>05 July, 2026<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div><p><strong>ABSTRACT:<\/strong><\/p><p>This study assessed the concentrations of trace and toxic elements in vegetables using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer\u00a0by evaluating the Estimated Daily Exposure of Metals (EDEM), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Bio-concentration Factor (BCF). The results showed that copper (Cu) concentrations exceeded the WHO\/FAO permissible limit (5 mg\/kg) in potato (6.55 mg\/kg) and tomato (6.54 mg\/kg). In addition, the maximum concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in carrot (0.36 mg\/kg), chromium (Cr) in onion (0.21 mg\/kg), and arsenic (As) in round melon (0.06 mg\/kg) remained within the WHO\/FAO permissible limits of 0.6, 0.3, and 0.1 mg\/kg, respectively. The Estimated Daily Exposure of Metals (EDEM) for Cr, Cd, Cu, and As was below 1 (mg\/kg bw\/d), indicating negligible non-carcinogenic health risks to the local population. In general, EDEM or THQ values \u22641 suggest no significant health risk to consumers, whereas values &gt;1 indicate a potential health concern. The EDEM values followed the ascending order: As &lt; Cd &lt; Cr &lt; Cu, whereas the soil-to-plant bio-concentration factors followed the reverse trend: Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Cd &gt; As. Similarly, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values were all below 1 (THQ &lt; 1), with the relative contribution decreasing in the order: Cd &gt; Cr &gt; Cu &gt; As. In conclusion, the findings indicate that consumption of the investigated vegetables does not pose an immediate systemic health risk to local consumers. However, continuous monitoring of trace and toxic metal concentrations, together with proactive regulatory measures, is recommended to minimize long-term accumulation and ensure food safety.<\/p><p><strong>Keywrords<\/strong>: Risk assessment, Toxic elements, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Vegetables<\/p><p><strong>How to Cite this paper?<\/strong><\/p><\/div><div><p><strong>APA- Style<\/strong><br \/>A. H. Rind, M. A. Jakhrani, S. A. Rind, A. R. Shaikh, M. A. Rind, Q. H. Hundal, N. A. Veesar, S. Soomro, R. Arain (2026). Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/PJC.v16.i03.p14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 124-134.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.124-134.<\/p><p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><\/p><p>Rind A. H., Jakhrani M. A.,Rind S. A., Shaikh A. R., Rind M. A., Hundal Q. H., Veesar N. A., Soomro S., Arain R. <em>Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/PJC.v16.i03.p14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 124-134.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.124-134.<\/p><p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><\/p><p>Rind A. H.; Jakhrani M. A.; Rind S. A. Shaikh A. R.; Rind M. A.; Hundal Q. H.; Veesar N. A.; Soomro S.; Arain R.; <em>Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan<\/em> (2026) <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/PJC.v16.i03.p14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 124-134.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.124-134.<\/p><p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><\/p><p>Rind A H Jakhrani M A, Rind S A, Shaikh A R, Rind M A, Hundal Q H, Veesar N A, Soomro S, Arain R, <em>Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/PJC.v16.i03.p14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 124-134.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.124-134.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><div><p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df50a76 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df50a76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article| Open AccessVolume 16 | Issue 03 | Page 124-134| https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p14 Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan Atta Hussain RindInstitute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan Mushtaque Ali JakhraniDean, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,68],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-66","category-issue-3"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Risk Assessment of Trace and Toxic Elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, and As) in Vegetables from District Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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