{"id":10085,"date":"2026-05-05T13:28:15","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T13:28:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/?p=10085"},"modified":"2026-05-14T15:40:59","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T15:40:59","slug":"pjc-0926","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2026\/05\/05\/pjc-0926\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10085\" class=\"elementor elementor-10085\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9834b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5d9834b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f17c15a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f17c15a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff8762b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff8762b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td><div><strong>Research Article| Open Access<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\">Volume 16 | Issue 03 | Page 84-89| <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/05\/PJC.v16.i03.p09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p09<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h4><strong><b>Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>Nauman Afridi<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.<br \/>Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division), Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Nizam Ud-Din Baloch<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8006-0705\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Samar Ali<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Muhammad Adnan Afridi<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Muhammad Faheem<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Maria Saba<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Dua Nizam<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.<\/p><p><strong>Muhammad Qasim Mazari<\/strong><br \/>Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division), Pakistan.<\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"main_entry\"><table border=\"0\" width=\"93%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Received<\/strong><br \/>25 Mar, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Accepted<\/strong><br \/>30 Apr, 2026<\/td><td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Published<\/strong><br \/>05 May, 2026<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"item abstract\"><p><strong>ABSTRACT:<\/strong><br \/>The disposal of Used Lubricating Oil (ULO) is an emerging global environmental issue, especially in developing nations where waste management systems and regulatory frameworks are weak. ULO is a complex mixture of toxic heavy metals coming from wear and additive breakdown, which can have detrimental effects on soil and water quality. In this research, the levels and sources of heavy metals in ULO from four typical vehicles in Quetta City, Pakistan, were studied using energy-dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Nine elements (Pb, Sn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn, Zn, P, and S) were measured, with high levels of Tin (50,000-117,800 mg\/kg) and Copper (11,100-31,600 mg\/kg) suggesting significant wear. Zinc (777-867 mg\/kg) and phosphorus (908-1,046 mg\/kg) exhibited minimal variations, indicating uniform additive compositions. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed two major sources of variability (91.2% variance explained), including wear contaminants (bearings, bushings, and unburnt fuel) and additives,\u00a0Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP-based additives). Compared with international soil quality guidelines, the levels of Tin (Sn), Copper (Cu), Nickel, and Chromium (Cr) are well above the recommended limits, suggesting environmental concerns associated with improper ULO disposal. While Lead concentrations were found to be low due to the success of lead-free fuel policies, the study highlights the importance of collecting ULO, enforcing regulations, and undertaking environmental surveillance. This research provides a baseline assessment of ULO contamination in Pakistan and contributes to international knowledge of ULO contamination, thereby aiding the establishment of sustainable waste-oil management practices.<br \/><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: XRF; Used lubricating oil, Heavy metals; Source apportionment; Environmental risk; Quetta<\/p><p><strong>How to Cite this paper?<\/strong><\/p><\/div><div class=\"item abstract\"><div class=\"csl-entry\"><p><strong>APA- Style<\/strong><br \/>N. Afridi, N. U. Baloch, S. Ali, M. A. Afridi, M. Faheem, M. Saba, D. Nizami, M. Q. Mazari (2026). Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/05\/PJC.v16.i03.p09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 84-89.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.84-89.<\/p><p><strong>ACS Style<\/strong><br \/>Afridi N., Baloch N. U., Ali S., Afridi M. A., Faheem M., Saba M., Nizami D., Mazari M. Q. <em>Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/05\/PJC.v16.i03.p09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 84-89.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.84-89.<\/p><p><strong>AMA Style<\/strong><br \/>Afridi N; Baloch N. U; Ali S; Afridi M. A; Faheem M; Saba M; Nizami D; Mazari M. Q; <em>Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/05\/PJC.v16.i03.p09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 84-89.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.84-89.<\/p><p><strong>Chicago\/Turabian Style<\/strong><br \/>Afridi N, Baloch NU, Ali S, Afridi MA, Faheem M, Saba M, Nizami D, Mazari MQ, <em>Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan (2026)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/05\/PJC.v16.i03.p09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, 16(3), 84-89.<\/a> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p.84-89.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by\/4.0\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"item copyright\"><p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1c128 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a1c128\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Article| Open AccessVolume 16 | Issue 03 | Page 84-89| https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p09 Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan Nauman AfridiDepartment of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division), Pakistan. Nizam Ud-Din BalochDepartment of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,68],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10085","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-66","category-issue-3"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chempublishers.com\/Pakistan-journal-of-chemistry\/2026\/05\/05\/pjc-0926\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan - Pakistan Journal of Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Research Article| Open AccessVolume 16 | Issue 03 | Page 84-89| https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15228\/2026.v16.i3.p09 Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Used Lubricant Oil (ULO) Collected from Quetta City, Pakistan Nauman AfridiDepartment of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division), Pakistan. 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